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Looking from the cabling technology Smart Home Development – Smart Home – Security Industry

By: yoyo
Posted: Oct 18, 2010

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With the continuous development of smart home industry, many manufacturers began to put human, material and funds to develop different types of intelligent home

Product . Product and technology road began to divide, showing diverse trends.

1, an overview of intelligent home

What is a smart home it? At present, the smart home can be defined as a process or a system, using advanced computer technology, network communication technology, integrated wiring technology, and home life of the various subsystems, including the

Home Appliances Control and security guard, remote meter reading, information services and video intercom functions, together organically, through integrated management, make home life more comfortable, safe and effective.

Second, the product wiring Introduction Now Market The smart home products, classified according to wiring methods, mainly centralized control, field bus, three kinds of wireless technology. Wireless Control System which can be divided into infrared communication, radio frequency wireless communications, power line carrier communication categories. Here are the basic concepts of several control techniques.

1, centralized control technology Centralized control mode the smart home system, mainly through a single chip computer system

Host To build the center processing unit (CPU) for signal processing systems, the system integrates a number of external board

Interface unit , Including the security alarm, telephone module, the control loop input / output (I / 0) module circuit.

Such centralized control system motherboard with 8 general lighting, electrical control circuit, 8 alarm inputs, 3? 4-way meter reading signal access. As the system capacity constraints, once the system installed, the extension to increase control loop more difficult.

Read more articles
Pakenham Secondary College – Disposable Wound Dressing Pack – gifts& health care products

These products thanks to star wiring, all security alarm

Probe , Lighting and electrical control circuit must be connected to the master box, with the traditional interior layout, an increase of the length of cabling, wiring more complicated. More such products currently on the market.

2, field bus technology Fieldbus control system is achieved through the system bus home lighting, electrical and alarm system, networking and signal transmission, field control technology with distributed control function modules within the network access bus can only nearby, more wiring convenience.

General, fieldbus products support arbitrary topology wiring, which is to support the ring structure and star alignment method. Lighting circuits, socket electrical wiring circuit so strong and consistent conventional wiring. “A light multi-control”, in the home are quite common in previous years, a “double”, “quadruple” switch to achieve an alignment complexity and wiring costs. If the way through the bus control is completely without additional wiring. Is a fully distributed intelligent control network technology, its products have a two-way module

Communicate Capacity, and interoperability and interchangeability, the control unit can be programmed. A typical bus technology uses twisted pair bus architecture, the network node can be powered from the bus (24V/DC), also achieved by the same bus between nodes polarity, no restrictions on the interconnection topology logic and communication, signal transmission rate and system capacity were 10KBPS and 4G.

Fieldbus control system uses bus-like structure, mainly by the power supply, twisted pair and functional modules composed of three basic parts. Each function module is to link the twisted pair, the mutual connection, regardless of polarity. Bus control system products from the function can be divided into many categories, following a brief introduction of several commonly used:

(1) basic control products, including bus power supply, wireless remote control interface, telephone remote control interface, computer control interface, Ethernet (TCP / IP) interfaces, security control and security alarm interfaces, these products are Bus control system is based, but also for other products to provide a bus control interface platform.

(2) lighting control products to touch-type electronic switch / regulator represented. A special feature of this type of product is its size and appearance similar to normal switches can directly replace the original switch can be modified to achieve the intelligent lighting system, dimming can also be remote, but can be used to produce different lighting combinations to meet the needs of different lighting. In case of individual electronic switch malfunction, which affect only the switch is also connected to that part, even if no alternate products may be back in the switch will return to its original function, achieved manually.

(3) electrical control products, such products that are mentioned earlier, the control socket. And electronic switches, dimmers similar, these products can also be a direct replacement for the original outlet to achieve the transformation of the intelligent electrical control. To rice cookers, water heaters, washing machines and other electrical power connection in the socket, users can electronically switch, remote control or phone to control these appliances, very convenient. The controlled sockets with automatic and manual operation mode, in case of system failure, also can use to manually operate.

yoyo – About the Author:

I am an expert from disposablemedicalsuppliers.com, while we provides the quality product, such as gifts& health care products , Disposable Wound Dressing Pack, china disposable medical suppliers,and more.

Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/public-company-articles/looking-from-the-cabling-technology-smart-home-development-smart-home-security-industry-3494142.html

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I want to introduct something about SF150 Fluorine Silicon Drilling Fluids Thinner (powder). SF150 Fluorine Silicon Drilling Fluids Thinner (powder) In order to satisfy the need of drilling, we research and develop high-temperature drilling liquid thinner, which is convenient to carriage and usage. It is a kind of black mobile solid powder which has the excellent nature of lowing stick and function of fastening wall against collapse. It also has function of disperser, lubrication, and antifoaming to the drilling fluid system, and control hydrating shale and improve mudding function of drilling fluid. It’s maintaining time last long after dealing the mud. This kind of product is green and environmental Protection with non-toxic, and non-pollution. 1. Performance index Item Index Appearance Black mobile solid powder PH value 8~11 Wet value ?15 Stick falling rate % 90 ± 2 oC quantity addition 1% (percent by quality) ?80 120 ± 2 oC quantity ageing addition, 2.0% ( percent by quality) ?75 2. Application scope and method This product mainly apply to All kinds o

No security in this world is perfect. Security is always about the cost of implementing and enforcing the security versus the cost of the fraudster to break the security and the cost to be paid for the security breach. Depending on the type of the system, the cost may or may not be limited to just monetary cost but include the reputation damages, live lost but also national security. Certainly if human live and national security is concerned then the system cost may not be the most important consideration factor. However for many commercial smart card applications, it must be able to bring real benefits to all parties the application operator, cardholders and other service providers in the application. It must be able to help to make more money, lower cost and / or bring benefits to all parties in the application. Last but not least, smart card technology must be the most cost effective technology to be used.
Security in smart card applications
In any smart card application, a basic requirement is that it must be secured. The axiom for smart card application security is that the cost of enforcing the security must be much smaller than the effort to break the security and the cost to break the security must be higher than the potential rewards that can be obtained after breaking the security. In an efficiently designed smart cardapplication, the cost of the system implementation must be minimized but the security not compromised. A smart cardapplication is a distributed system. It compromises of a number of subsystems with each subsystem doing part of the system function. . The security of the system comprises of the front-end enforcement, frontend and back-end verification, backend audit and system fraud damage control. The system design always assumed a scenario of a fraud and how it can be controlled. Security must be addressed at the system level and not to be focused on just a small subsystem or component in the system. It can still make sense to use a lower cost card which is seemingly less secured in a smart card application but it does not mean that security will be compromised. Security can still be implemented in other subsystems so that the application remains secured and meanwhile lowering the entire system cost. To illustrate my argument, let’s take a real application example of using the I2C free access memory card (e.g. 24C02) as a prepaid electricity meter card! This card is freely read and update and is therefore easily cloned. However a cloned card will not be accepted by the system. This is done as follows: The prepaid electricity meter is installed in the house and that it shall only accept one or a limited number of prepaid cards, using 24C02 free access memory card. A prepaid card is only acceptable to the meter if the card is authorized by the authority staff card for the first time, which his authorization system will ensure that the card is not being registered with another meter. The staff card can be inserted into the meter, followed by the prepaid card so that the card is registered by the meter. The card contains a serial number, a transaction counter and a stored value. These data is MAC-ed so that it cannot be tampered with being detected. During topping up of value into the meter, the meter shall first verify that the card serial number is registered in the meter and that the transaction counter is one higher than the previous transaction. Also the MAC indicates that the data has not been tampered. Then the transaction counter inside the meter is incremented and value is transferred to the meter. The fraudster will not know the MAC of the next transaction counter since he does not have the MAC key. He needs to pay for the topup before he becomes aware of the MAC. He cannot tamper with the stored value as it will be detected. A cloned card cannot be used as the meter expects the counter to be incremented in the card! This illustrate that even with a free access memory card, security can be achieved if the system security design is done correctly.
Is smart card really secure?
There has been some publicity in the smart card industry about how Mifare card can be cloned. People without good understanding about smart card application security design tend to focus only on the smart card and its algorithm. . Cryptographic algorithm in memory smart card such as Mifare certainly cannot be compared to CPU smart card. Competent smart card application designer using such type of card must implement other security measures in the card mapping design and in other subsystems to strengthen the application security. On the other hand, an incompetent designer, even if he uses the most secured card in the…(and so on) To get More information , you can visit some products about digital special multimeter, school supply counter, . The SF150 Fluorine Silicon Drilling Fluids Thinner (powder) products should be show more here!

All kinds of electrical devices in your home need electricity power in consistent voltage in order to operate well. This certain device allows the electricity voltage from the power company to be distributed safely throughout the system in your home. Both of single and double pole circuit breaker will deliver different power. Here are some useful tips in measuring the voltage of your breakers properly.

First, you need to shut off the main power breaker. Usually, it will be located at the bottom or top of the panel based on the style of the circuit box. You can identify the switch as Main switch that is completed with on and off label.

Second, you need to remove the cover of the screws by using your screwdriver. The covers are usually holding the protective cover above the main buses of the breaker box. You will find several screws ranges from four to six, depending on the panel size.

Third, you also need to examine the main panel layout before reinstating the power to the box. In your circuit breakers, you will find a ground bar that usually located to the left and/or right. This bar is completed with both bare copper wires as well as white insulated wires that are ended to the ground bar. The bars will be the place where the breakers are plugged into and carry the electrical voltage of the system. You should not touch these bars since you will get shocked when the panel is energized.

Fourth, you need to re-energize the main breaker. You need to switch the Volt Ohmmeter into volts and locate the black lead on the ground bar. You also have to locate the red lead to the terminal screw on the single pole breaker that you are going to check. It should show numbers between 110 to 125 VAC.

Fifth, you need to place both of the leads to a double pole breaker and the meter should shows result of 220 to 250 VAC. Then, you need to check each screw of the terminal to ground bar one at once. Each reading has to be in same result between the screw terminal as well as the ground bar. If the reading shows different result, your breaker should be replaced immediately.

Sixth, you need to shut off your main breaker and put the cover of to the breaker box into its place. When all the screws are in their appropriate places and the cover is also tightened, you can turn the power back to the normal operation.

It is not that difficult, right?

.

The uni-directional electricity energy saving monitor is for simple monitor purpose with low cost. The uni-directional electricity energy saving monitor has become very popular in the world to meet the notion of energy-saving and CO2 emission deduction. For more advanced and multi-functional monitor system, you may refer to  Bi-directional (2-way) electrical energy saving monitor and control system.

Sailwider wireless uni-directional electrical energy saving monitor adopts 433MHz RF wireless transmission technology and can be used to monitor the energy-consuming conditions of one single energy-consuming unit or one port that covers many power-consuming units. The monitor displays the power consuming status and the carbon dioxide produced in real time and forecast the electrical power cost of one hour, one day or one month for the monitored object. It also has the functions of time display and temperature display.

The system is simply consisted by one monitor and one power inductor (sensor/transmitter) with detecting clip. For installation, just stick the power inductor / sensor (data collection terminal) on the wall near the monitored object and let the power detecting clip clamp the null line or the live line of the monitored object, just as below photo is displaying. After registration of the inductor with the monitor, the system begins to work and start to monitor the power consuming conditions of the monitored object in real time. To make the Cost (per hour, per day and per month) to display correctly on the screen, certain settings need to be done first regarding the power charge rate and currency after the monitor is powered on.

Specification of Uni-directional Energy Saving Monitor:

Monitored Power Range: 5W–2.5KW
Remote Monitor Distance: 200m (outdoor), 30-80m (indoor)
Operating Frequency: 433MHZ
Temperature Accuracy: ?±3?
Up/Down Power Range: ?30w
Operating Temperature Range: -20~60?
Power DC: 3V
Size: 118*78*52mm (LxWxH)
Weight: 120g
CO2 Delivery Capacity: Estimated as 0.54kg/kw
Time Display Mode: 24 hours

Sailwider Electronics is a professional company and reliable manufacturer integrated with R & D, manufacturing and service. The factory is ISO9001:2000 certified and has an area of 20, 000 square meters with more than 500 staff. Sailwider owns well-managed molding facilities, SMT lines, injection workshops, assembly lines and R & D labs. The strong R & D team is with rich experience in industrial design, plane design, mechanical design and electronics design. Sailwider’s power monitor and control products are quite competitive in the market.

Professional Chinese manufacturer and supplier of uni-directional (1-way) smart electricity energy saving monitor in China.

A GPS-controlled clock allows for automatic adjustment so that it is always as accurate as possible. According to an article written by Erich Gunther in SmartGridNews.com, “grid connected devices can drift by a few minutes per month.” Using the GPS, satellite- controlled clocks can allow for better calibration that will prevent this inaccuracy down to a few milliseconds and allows for optimal utilization of smart grid resources. Real time usage needs to have real time calculations

For a smart grid to live up to its name, all aspects of the grid must be synchronized with each other. There is no way to know if you are saving money or wasting it if there is not real time communication of the costs vs. usage that the home owner or business owner can refer to when they check their status. Allowing the time to drift may keep the HAN from being able to make the right adjustments in a timely manner. If these adjustments cannot be made, then the lowered temperature, for example, on the hot water heater will not make any difference in the long run because by the calculation of the grid the adjustments will have come too late. Every minute adds up

If the fluctuation of time is about two minutes per month, that is almost half an hour in a year’s time. Considering the higher end of electrical energy at this point, that half hour can equal out to large dollar amounts that would have potentially been saved had the devices and the grid been synchronized to work with one another. How the communications networks are not measuring up

The smart grid requires several things to be as effective as possible. While the version of today’s smart grid does manage to make the grade in the realm of meter reading there are several failings that must be met to make the smart grid more universal, safer and more effective, especially in the are of hybrid vehicle management, time synchronization and demand response. In addition, there are several new applications that are looming in the future of the smart grid that it is not ready for in its current state. How accurate is a GPS controlled clock?

The GPS clock can fall into a few different categories within its accuracy element. These classes include accuracy ranges from a few microseconds to a few minutes (purposely used for security purposes.)

Sources: Erich Gunther, Time, who has the time? Smart Grid time that is. From SmartGridNews.com. August 26, 2008

Solar panels electricity savings! What are the best ways to save your hard-earned money while using solar panels at your home or in the office? Read this article to find the answer to this question.

Solar Panels Electricity: Will I Still Pay For The Power?

 Yes, you will pay. But very, very less than you did before. Of course, your monthly savings on energy bills will directly depend on how much solar power you use daily and how much your solar kits generate electricity. Here your expenses will also depend on the efficiency of this green energy system.

Solar Panels Electricity: You Should Also Know One Interesting Fact:

If your home alternative energy kits generate more electricity than you use, your meter will surely run back. In this case, the electricity company should pay you, as this is required by law.

What Are the Best Ways to Save Money While Using Solar Panels At Home or In The Office?

1.   You can buy high efficient solar panel.

It would be smart to use high-efficient batters for your solar systems though they will cost you a bit expensive.  

2.   It’s getting cheaper and cheaper.

Every year the price for solar kits becomes 5% cheaper. So you can compare a few options and choose the best value for the most affordable price.

3.   When the electricity is off, you will still have light and power if you live at the sunny location.

You will have natural renewable energy throughout a day unless the sun is out.

Conclusion:

Solar panels electricity can really help you save a lot on your budget each and every month.

The government’s regulations on energy places pressure on companies to practice energy-efficient operations and productions. This is already a major step towards developing a truly smart grid for our national electrical system.

Our country’s energy grid has been historically considered inefficient which seems to be a great burden for commerce, industry, and the consumers. Any developments in smart grid technology will help achieve its digital benefits, enabling easier exchange of information between supplier and consumer.

The best way to achieve efficiencies in energy use can be helped with demand response within the market which ensures that energy sources will be best utilized. The overall health of the economy can be affected by very high energy costs. It is about time that a system that could provide the exact amount of energy at the exact time shall be adopted by companies. This system should also have the flexibility to constrain energy using assets by priority.

A newly issued government energy regulation by the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission sets guidelines which would help the industry get ready for smart grid standards. Standardization should occur across the industry to enable systems and devices to be interoperable.

With these prospective developments in the future, utility companies are therefore encourages to take the necessary steps in investing for technologies which are necessary to advance the smart grid protocol. The federal government is also including stipulations for cost recovery in these areas.

In order to enhance 2-way communication between utilities and consumers, coordinate the introduction of new technologies, and provide a means by which system operators could interact with neighboring systems to aid ultimate efficiency, the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission pledged to ensure security of the emerging smart grid.

[blue][b]Smart Grid for Energy Efficiency for the Future[/blue][/b]

A truly smart grid will help merge traditional energy sources with alternative ones. This will be very helpful for the future of energy supply and demand as renewable sources of energy become highly important in the future.

Transportation systems and delivery systems need to be secure and strong, being able to provide an avenue for addressing crucial demand response in time. Government energy regulations are stipulated in a way that it does not interfere with individual state programs and policies. Such stand back, allowing them to implement demand response programs and advanced metering accordingly.

The federal government shall act as overseer, applying economies of scale in ensuring that utilities participate in the smart grid. The best interests of the country is the first priority in designing the smart grid program.

The proposed government legislations on greenhouse gas emissions highly scrutinize efficiency in energy use. Now is the best time to invest in technologies which help attain efficiency in operations of distribution grid. Developed countries are therefore encouraged to be the forerunners in waging battle against climate change and global warming through efficient use of energy sources and curtailing use of traditional fuels.

Going through the Internet, you may have come across the concept of no deposit electricity. And being relatively new to these matters, you may have found yourself wondering as to what it really is, leading you to get into the research mode to find out more about it. It is that research that could have led you to this discussion, where we are trying to find out more about the workings of no deposit electricity.

Now if you are to understand the concept of no deposit electricity supply, it will be taken for granted that you already know that electricity is one thing that people have to pay for. There is virtually no way you can get electricity for free. Of course, this sounds like too obvious stuff for people who have been running households for some time. But for someone who has never run a household, and who just sees electricity (or rather its effects) everyday, there may be no way of knowing that it comes at a cost. But it sure does. The companies that generate and distribute electricity expect payment for the product, and they are usually quite keen on getting such payment in a timely manner; if one is to remain on the electricity supply grid.

Traditionally, people paid for electricity after having used it. The reasoning behind this was that there was no way one could determine how much electricity they were likely to use in advance, hence the need for a system where users would pay after using electricity. But in such a system, there was always a possibility of someone using electricity, say for a month, and then being unable to pay for it. In fact, this happened often, leading many electricity supply companies into major losses. It led to a need for a system that would ensure that the electricity supply companies would not run into major losses, in the event of customers being unable to pay for their electricity. The solution that was devised was the electricity supply deposit. The way it worked was such that you paid a deposit to the electricity supply company with your application for electricity supply. In the event that you were unable to pay for your last month’s electricity supply, this is the money that the electricity supply company would pocket, and pay itself.
The recent days have, however, given rise to the no deposit electricity schemes previously alluded to. In these schemes, you don’t pay any deposit to the electricity supply company.

These no deposit electricity schemes tend to be born of the prepaid electricity supply schemes. In a prepaid electricity supply scheme, you pay for your electricity units before you get to use them. Typically, you buy a card bearing the electricity units (in logical form), feed the number on it into your (smart) electricity meter, and thereby get to access the electricity units therein. In this system, the electricity supply company is at no risk of your running away with their money. They therefore need not demand a deposit from you – hence the name ‘no deposit electricity.

Emerging technologies in electrical drives and power distribution systems in future aircrafts

                       u.sureshkumar*

             *  professor in EEE department

                                      Mohamed sathak enginnering college

                                      Kilakkarai

                                      E mail :uskrk@sify.com

Abstract:

It is projected that in future aircraft, all power, except propulsion, will be distributed and processed electrically. In other words, electrical power will be utilized for driving aircraft subsystems currently powered by hydraulic, pneumatic or mechanical means including utility and flight control actuation, environmental control system, lubrication and fuel pumps, and numerous other utility functions. These concepts are embraced by what is known as the “More Electric Aircraft (MEA)” initiative. The MEA emphasizes the utilization of electrical power as opposed to hydraulic, pneumatic, and mechanical power for optimizing aircraft performance and life cycle cost. It would eliminate the need for gearboxes and transmissions since the power transmission is through electrical rather than mechanical means, which reduces the weight of the aircraft and increases the fuel efficiency. Detailed analysis of

interaction between an Electro Mechanical Actuator (EMA) connected to the DC bus of the power distribution system in a next generation transport aircraft with the bus regulator is presented. Development of reliable power-by-wire actuation systems for both aeronautical and space applications has been sought recently to eliminate hydraulic systems from aircraft. Aircraft

engineers have tested electrohydrostatic actuators (EHAs), which combine electrical and hydraulic power, hence the

evolutionary “more electric aircraft” idea. Efforts are being made to replace

all the hydraulic systems with electrical systems, which will lead to a new technology called “All Electric Aircraft”.

Introduction:

Flight Control System A flight control system consists of the flight control surfaces, the respective cockpit controls, connecting linkage, and necessary operating mechanism to cont4rol aircraft in flight. Classification

Flight control systems (FCS) are classified as follows:

Mechanical FCS Hydro mechanical FCS (powered flight control units (PFCU)) Fly-by-wire FCS

Mechanical FCS:

The mechanical FCS is the most basic designs. They were used in early aircraft and currently in small aeroplanes where the aerodynamic forces are not excessive. The FCS uses a collection of mechanical parts such as rods, cables, pulleys and sometimes chains to transmit the forces of the cockpit controls to the control surfaces.

  Hydro mechanical FCS (powered flight control units (PFCU)):

The complexity and weight of a mechanical FCS increases considerably with size and performance of the airplane. Hydraulic power overcomes these limitations

A hydraulic FCS has 2 parts:

The mechanical circuit The hydraulic circuit

The mechanical circuit links the cockpit controls with the hydraulic circuits. Like the mechanical FCS, it is made of rods, cables, pulleys, and sometimes chains. The hydraulic circuit has hydraulic pumps, pipes, valves and actuators. The hydraulic pressure generated by the pumps in the hydraulic circuit powers the actuators. The actuators convert hydraulic pressure into control surface movements. The servo valves control the movement of the actuators. The above two-control system has a major drawback that it contains heavy mechanical circuitry, which increases the weight of the system. To overcome this drawback a new technology “MORE ELECTRIC TECHNOLOGY IN AIRCRAFT” was developed. The aircraft in which this technology was used was called “MORE ELECTRIC AIRCRAFT”(MEA).

When describing the MEA, flight control actuation systems can be considered to involve two main technological areas: fly-by-wire (FBW) and power-by-wire (PBW). FBW technology comprises the design, development and implementation of electronics for flight control systems. Electronic control provides flight control and actuator control functionality implemented using either centralized or distributed architectures. Distributed control systems reduce the processing load on centralized flight control computers, and offer more flexibility during system architecture development. A further benefit is the reduction in weight achieved by reducing harness size and component quantity. In recent years, technological advancement has centered on the FBW field, to the extent that FBW control systems are now the standard in today’s commercial and military aircraft. Power-by-wire (PBW) actuation is the next major breakthrough in aircraft control. Just as the fly-by-wire flight control system eliminated the need for mechanical interfaces, power-by-wire actuators eliminate the need for central hydraulic systems. Control power comes directly from the aircraft electrical system. This has several advantages. Central hydraulic systems are complicated and difficult to maintain. Removing these systems would greatly reduce the amount of support equipment and personnel required to maintain and operate current air and space vehicles. In addition, PBW actuators have the potential to be more efficient than their hydraulic counterparts. A central hydraulic system must generate and sustain significant hydraulic pressure (3,000 to 6,000 pounds per square inch) at all times, regardless of demand. PBW actuators only use electrical power when needed. Finally, PBW actuation systems can be made far more fault tolerant than those depending on a central hydraulic supply. Once a hydraulic line is compromised, it usually leads to the loss of that entire hydraulic circuit. As a result, multiple hydraulic circuits are required to maintain some level of redundancy. With a PBW system, a failed actuator can simply be switched off, isolating the problem to a single surface.

Types of PBW Actuators

There are several different types of PBW actuators, including electrohydrostatic actuators (EHA) and electromechanical actuators (EMA). EHAs use a reversible, electrically driven pumpmotor to directly pump self-contained hydraulic fluid to a piston. This drives the ram in the same fashion as a standard hydraulic actuator (Figure 1(a)). An EMA has no internal hydraulic fluid, instead using electric motors to directly drive the ram through a mechanical gearbox (Figure 1(b)). Compared to an EHA, the EMA has certain advantages. It is lighter, smaller, and less complex than an equivalent EHA because of the absence of an internal hydraulic system. Since there is no hydraulic fluid in the load path, the EMA tends to be stiffer than an equivalent EHA. The EMA tends to be more efficient because there are no windage losses or pump inefficiencies. Finally, since there is no leak potential with an EMA, it is better suited to long term storage or space applications.

Electromechanical Actuation (EMA)

An EMA uses mechanical gearing to couple an electric motor to a flight control surface. This is achieved using a rotary gearbox, and depending on the actuation method required, can include some form of rotary-to-linear conversion, such as a ball screw. Electric motors requiring a DC electrical supply are typically used, although the addition of a diode rectification stage will also allow them to operate from an AC electrical supply. Motor speed, direction, and torque translate directly to speed, direction, and load in the actuator. Figure 1 shows an EMA currently being developed by TRW for a high-power flight control application. In its basic form, the EMA is susceptible to certain single-point failures that can lead to a mechanical jam, and consequently presents complications for flight certification on certain surfaces. Additional devices can be used to mitigate against this failure mode, but in doing so, complexity, cost, and weight are increased. For these reasons, the basic EMA is not suited for primary flight control applications. However, spoiler systems and secondary actuation systems could accommodate EMA technology.

EMA system layout

Large EMA for High-Power flight controls

Baseline Power System Architecture

The proposed power distribution system is built around a 270V DC distribution bus. The typical baseline power system architecture for a next generation aircraft is shown in Fig. 1. It can be seen that the key components that control the power are the bidirectional power converters (BDCs). A bus regulator provides an interface between the starter/generator and the distribution bus. Most of the loads, including the actuators, are regulated using bidirectional power converters, which control and condition the power from the DC bus.

With the proliferation of bidirectional power converters and advanced actuators in the power distribution system, it is important to develop methods to analyze the interaction between the different subsystems. Due to the complexity of the baseline power system and the large number of subsystems, a sample power distribution system, which captures the essential features of the baseline system but is not as complicated, is introduced. The sample power system is represented as a interconnection of a source and load subsystem.

Sample Power Distribution System

The sample power distribution system is shown in Fig. 2. The source subsystem represented by subsystem 1 consists of an ideal three phase voltage source, a three-phase boost rectifier to provide the regulated 270V DC required by the DC bus. The load subsystem represented by Subsystem 2 is an electromechanical actuator used to control the secondary flight control surfaces on the aircraft. The other loads on the DC bus are modeled by a current source, or a simple resistance.

The EMA model shown in Fig. 5 is shown to include a DC motor with constant field, a ball screw transmission between the motor and the control surface, and a model of the surface dynamics. The motor voltage is controlled by a PWM bidirectional buck converter with an input filter. The EMA is controlled by a multi-loop controller, which includes a motor current, motor speed, and the ball screw position feedback loops.All of the other loads on the bus are modeled by a resistor or a current source.

Electro hydrostatic Actuation (EHA)

In contrast to EMA, EHA (Figure 2) uses fluidic gearing between the electric motor and the surface actuator. Hydraulic fluid provides an intermediate means of transmitting power to the surface. Here, a variable-speed electric motor (typically DC) is used to drive a fixed-displacement hydraulic pump, which in turn, powers a conventional hydraulic piston jack. Change in direction is achieved by the use of a bi-directional motor. A major advantage to this approach is that the EHA operating mode can be managed like a conventional hydraulic actuator. This approach is achieved using standard hydraulic bypass or damping valves (Figure 3); thus traditional active-standby, or active-active, actuator configurations can be readily adopted. This capability makes the EHA more suitable for primary flight control applications than the EMA. Although EHA technology reintroduces hydraulic components and fluid, it is totally self-contained          within   the        actuator assembly. Compared to traditional hydraulic actuator systems, the inconvenience   of         hydraulic disconnection from aircraft supplies and the complications of bleeding the system during reinstallation are not encountered during     maintenance.

Electrohydrostatic Actuators (EHA)

Large EHA

EHA Control Schematic

Benefits of electrically powered Actuators:

The potential benefits of electric actuation at a system level have been well publicized.

Electric actuation can offer:

Improved aircraft maintainability: Fewer hydraulic components are required, Faster aircraft turnaround, Fewer spares and tools are needed, Improved fault-diagnosis through        built-in test (BIT). Improved system availability and reliability: Electrical distribution is more practical and offers system flexibility with respect to reconfiguration Ñ a capability previously difficult to achieve using hydraulics, Improved mean-time-between-failures (MTBFs) through removal (electromechanical actuation or EMA) or on-demand usage   (electrohydrostatic actuation or EHA) of hydraulic components. Improved flight safety Ñ in the MEA configuration, improved system safety is achieved through dissimilar actuator power supplies and subsequent avoidance of common mode failures. Reduced system weight Ñ weight saving, achieved through the replacement of entire hydraulic systems, including pumps, distribution networks (pipes and fluid), and valve blocks, by electric systems.

The main benefit is the reduction of aircraft operating costs, for example, reduced fuel cost (as a result of reduced weight), and lower maintenance costs (quicker turnaround). However, before such benefits can be realized, additional work is required to improve the technology and provide the appropriate application platforms to introduce the technology into service.

Furthermore, the aircraft maintenance industry must realign its infrastructure so that it can reap the benefits of electric technologies.

Some additional benefits of both EMA and EHA actuators are:

Low quiescent power consumption during standby operation, Rapid start-up response, Can be easily adapted for use with AC or DC electric supplies, Insensitive to supply frequency variation of AC electric supplies.

EHA versus EMA?

An alternative to EHAs, are ‘electromechanical actuators’ (EMAs), in which the motor torque is mechanically amplified and transmitted to the control surface using a gear set, screw or other mechanical transmission device, can be seen as an alternative. Indeed, as far as complexity, weight, reliability and maintenance requirement are concerned, EMAs are potentially more attractive than EHAs, at least for low power applications. In particular, all hydraulic technology relevant problems are obviously eliminated from the EHA configuration. However, in the three following areas EHAs are still preferable to EMAs:

?The jamming probability of an EMA used in a primary flight control application is difficult to predict and substantiate from existing in-service experience. Jamming probability of an EHA, can be directly assessed from the current servo control experience, and shown as ‘extremely improbable’ if properly bypassed. In contrast, the jamming probability of mechanical systems incorporating hundreds of gear teeth and screw mechanisms is questionable and present-day experience in secondary flight control applications may not be directly transferable to primary flight controls, due to very different duty cycles in particular

Wear of the mechanical transmissions components may result in control surface ‘free-play’ or other non-linearities, which may generate unacceptable limit cycles

?The introduction of an EHA in parallel with regular servo control in the basic more-electric architecture described above is easier than an EMA. EHAs can easily be made reversible in standby mode, they can incorporate identical damping devices to those currently used for flutter protection, and they can be built with many components common with the adjacent servo control such as the piston, cylinder, associated position transducer or the accumulator. In an obvious move to spread the technical as well as financial risk, Airbus has called on the talents of several companies for the design, production and supply of the many actuators on this mammoth aircraft. Specifically, the A380 aileron and elevator EHAs, as well as rudder EBHAs are purchased from Goodrich, while Messier-Bugatti will supply the associated EHA pumps. Meanwhile, the spoiler EBHAs are from Liebherr, which supplies its own pumps. Phil Hudson, Goodrich VP engineering for actuation systems notes: “The electronic EHA concept can also be designed to serve more functions than simply motor control. It can serve as a smart actuator controller in its own right and be part of a distributed control system or to control a set of multiple actuators. Another benefit is that this distributed technology puts intelligence local to the actuation elements in a control system and can substantially reduce harness weight and improve fault detection and isolation.”

Maintenance benefits are also substantial. Power-by-wire EHA actuation units are line-removable with only mechanical and electrical connections to the aircraft, which eliminates the need to refill or bleed systems of hydraulic fluids as is required with central hydraulics. Since power-by-wire actuators are self contained and remotely located at the surfaces, the area exposed to damage is greatly reduced. Additionally, power-by-wire actuators can be designed as position sensitive, which means that the actuators provide only the flow and pressure necessary to move and hold the actuator in a desired

position. Conventional central-hydraulic systems are configured to produce continuous pressure. Flow is metered at each actuator, which can lead to a large consumption of power and generate unwanted heat. William Schley, R&D supervisor, Parker Aerospace, Controls Systems Division explains that EHAs only consume power on demand.  Specifically, they consume power in proportion to the power delivered to the load. In contrast, a conventional EVSV-equipped hydraulic servoactuator consumes power in proportion to output speed, allocating power to output load as needed, with the remainder of the power being dissipated through pressure drop (heat) across the main control valve. Whilst hydraulic actuators become more efficient the more they are loaded, loads are typically low during most of a flight.” Another important advantage of electric actuators is survivability. Ballistic or explosive damage to an electric power distribution system or actuator usually does not cause loss of function of that entire channel, particularly if the damage is peripheral. In a hydraulic system, depending on its design, even a small leak can cause a major loss of function and/or fire. Although some electric actuators contain

hydraulic fluid, the system as a whole is still usually more survivable. For now, these more advanced failure management functions are being provided by the EHA and its variants. EHA combines the best of electric actuation and conventional hydraulics for a hybrid design approach, which is more fault tolerant than most current EMAs. Moreover, EHAs are mechanically simple, and immune to gear train jams. The typical long-term storage capability for EHA is 10 years plus.

Next-Generation—All-Electric Aircraft:

The “All-Electric” aircraft is a concept that emerged in the 1970s and has engendered a large amount of research activity. An all-electric engine, which could replace current aero gas turbines, would drive all accessories electrically, via a distribution network, from motor/generators embedded in the engine spools. Extending the function of the motor/generators to include service as active magnetic bearings would facilitate deletion of the oil system. The all-electric concept thus offers a huge scope for both engine and airframe reconfiguration and operational improvements, with studies indicating benefits of overall weight reduction, increased reliability, easier maintainability, reduced operating costs (including reduced fuel burn), and enhanced safety.

Conclusion:

Beginning with the scenario of a single hydraulic power supply replaced by an electric one, it is possible to establish the relativity and scale for the changes required in the migration toward the “All-Electric” aircraft concept. On a small civil airliner, typically a minimum of five electric actuators would be needed to provide one lane of electrical control for the primary flight control surfaces. If all hydraulic systems were converted to electric, in excess of 20 electric actuators would be needed to provide complete control of all primary and secondary flight control surfaces. The consequential increase in electrical power demand has major implications for electrical power generation and distribution systems. Thus, a significant amount of work is still needed to address the consequences of distributing many electrical actuators around an aircraft, and the consequential start-up, steady state, and peak demands required of aircraft electrical power supplies.

It is clear that the migration to electric actuation systems is affecting both civil and military markets. As described previously, the replacement of a single hydraulic system by an electric substitute is a major step in the transition to all-electric technologies. It is quite evident that the demands being made on aircraft generators and distribution architectures will increase considerably to meet the needs of this migration. A company named TRW has already developed products to meet the current demands envisioned by PBW and has programs to ensure that it will meet any future demands required by the all-electric aircraft. Finally, it is envisioned that once in service, electric actuator technology and electrical system architectures will improve the commercial viability and in-service reliability of the airframes to which they are fitted. These improvements will undoubtedly drive the adoption of greater levels of electric actuation on future aircraft.

References:

Weimer J. A, “Power management and distribution for the More Electric Aircraft”, Proceedings of the30thIntersocietyEnergyConversion Engineering Conference, vol. 1, July 1995, pp. 273-277

Technology Review Journal — Millennium Issue • Fall/Winter 2000

ACTUATOR DEVELOPMENT OVERVIEW

   D. Tesar, UT Austin, Robotics Research Group April 1, 2006

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